Manatees

Results:

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee during the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee during the following three months. The first hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/20/06. The second hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Holly between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The third hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Stubby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The hypotheses were tested using a z test of independent sample means at a confidence level of a = 0.05. The sample size used for this study was n = 40, and 37 for Holly and Stubby respectively. Sample sizes of n = 40 and 31 were used for Willoughby. This chapter will explain the data analysis and give a summary of the results.

This section provides the results of the analyzed data and the tested hypotheses. Each test was analyzed over an eight-month period of time.

Table 1 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the two sample means, and the F-test for Hypothesis 1 (Willoughby).

The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = -.0312. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive. There was not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (46.79, 97.31) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (51.98, 102.60). Figure 5. displays visual results of the Z-test.

The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F = 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (5722.8, 16042.5) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (3302.0,9238.4) Figure 6. displays visual results of the F-Test.

Table 2 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the sample means taken from a population, and the F-test for variances for Hypothesis 2 (Holly).

The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = 1.282. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive with not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (26.04, 55.11) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (37.98, 72.89). Figure 7. displays visual results of the Z-test.

The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F = 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (1825.5, 5107.5) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (2248.6,6291.4). Figure 8. displays visual results of the F-Test.

Table 3 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the sample means taken from a population, and the F-test for variances for Hypothesis 3 (Stubby).

The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = 1.757. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive with not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/219/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found to be for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (13.89, 36.91) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (27.22, 58.07). Figure 9. displays visual results of the Z-test.

The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F= 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (1144.9, 3203.4) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (1268.3, 3548.5). Figure 10. displays visual results of the F-Test.

Figure 11 displays the rate of lettuce consumption for each of the three manatees from 10/14/05 and 4/20/06 for the three subject manatees. Lettuce consumption increased dramatically, decreased, and then increased over the observation period. The numbers on the x-axis were determined by counting the number of calendar days in a set of ten observation days. The number of observation days counted for each manatee in the last group of calendar days was seven observation days for Holly and Stubby, and eleven observation days for Willoughby.

Summary of Results:

The results of this study were found to be inconclusive. There was no significant difference found between the mean consumption of lettuce consumed by each subject between the dates 10/14/05 to 1/31/06 and 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The F-test run on each subject resulted in equal variances to be assumed. This chapter provided information on the results of the study. The results included testing results and a data analysis for each result determined. Chapter V provides the conclusion drawn from the results of the study, implications of the study, and recommendations for further studies.

Florida Manatee Saltwater/Freshwater Lettuce Consumption Study
Problem: 1) Is there a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Stubby in the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed in the following three months. 2) Is there a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Holly in the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed in the following three months? 3) Is there a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby in the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed in the following three months?	Subjects (Three Female Manatees at the Columbus Zoo) Willoughby Holly Stubby Stubby Eating Females Breathing Three Subjects Willoughby Barrelrolling
Hypotheses: Null#1: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). Alternative#1: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). Null#2: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Holly between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). Alternative#2: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Holly between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). Null#3: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Stubby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). Alternative#3: The mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Stubby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/2106 and 4/19/06 (m1). Statistical Test: The statistical test used was a z test of independent sample means at a confidence level of a = 0.05. The size used for this study was n= 40 and 37 for both Holly and Stubby. Sample sizes of n= 40 and 31 were used for Willoughby. The data was collected over an eight-month period of time.
Abstract: Three female manatees were welcomed to the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium on October 9th, 2005.The three females were closely observed in regard to how they adapted to their new environment. New variables such as the type of food that they ate and the type of water in which they swam (salt of fresh) were factors in their adjustment to the aquarium located at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. It was hypothesized for each individual manatee that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each manatee in the first three months compared to the following three months would be significantly different. The statistical test used was a z test of independent sample means at a confidence level of a = 0.05 for each individual manatee. The results of the z test were found to be inconclusive with no significant difference found between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee in the first three months compared to the following three months. An f-test was also run to determine if the variances in each paired sample sets were eqaul or unequal. The variances in each paired sample sets were shown to be equal showing a consistency of eating habits in the first three months compared to the following three months.
Movies: Study Background Results and Conclusions
Results: The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee during the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee during the following three months. The first hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/20/06. The second hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Holly between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The third hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Stubby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The hypotheses were tested using a z test of independent sample means at a confidence level of a = 0.05. The sample size used for this study was n = 40, and 37 for Holly and Stubby respectively. Sample sizes of n = 40 and 31 were used for Willoughby. This chapter will explain the data analysis and give a summary of the results. This section provides the results of the analyzed data and the tested hypotheses. Each test was analyzed over an eight-month period of time. Table 1 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the two sample means, and the F-test for Hypothesis 1 (Willoughby). The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = -.0312. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive. There was not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) would not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (46.79, 97.31) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (51.98, 102.60). Figure 5. displays visual results of the Z-test. The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F = 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (5722.8, 16042.5) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (3302.0,9238.4) Figure 6. displays visual results of the F-Test. Table 2 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the sample means taken from a population, and the F-test for variances for Hypothesis 2 (Holly). The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = 1.282. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive with not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/19/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (26.04, 55.11) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (37.98, 72.89). Figure 7. displays visual results of the Z-test. The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F = 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (1825.5, 5107.5) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (2248.6,6291.4). Figure 8. displays visual results of the F-Test. Table 3 provides the results of the Z test of two independent sample means, the confidence interval for the sample means taken from a population, and the F-test for variances for Hypothesis 3 (Stubby). The results of the Z-test of two independent sample means returned a critical Z of z = 1.96 and a Z-Statistic of z = 1.757. The results of the Z-test were found to be inconclusive with not enough evidence found to support the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by Willoughby between 10/19/05 and 1/31/06 (m2) will not be equal to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed between 2/1/06 and 4/219/06 (m1). The results of the confidence intervals for each independent sample mean were found to be for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (13.89, 36.91) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (27.22, 58.07). Figure 9. displays visual results of the Z-test. The results of the F-test were used to determine if the variances of each independent sample were significantly different. The results of the F-test returned a critical F of F= 2.07 and an F-Statistic of F = 1.34. The F-Statistic did not exceed the Critical F value resulting in a failure to reject the null. Equal variances could be assumed as a result. The results of the confidence intervals for each variance were found for 10/14/06-1/31/06 (1144.9, 3203.4) and for 2/1/06-4/19/06 (1268.3, 3548.5). Figure 10. displays visual results of the F-Test. Figure 11 displays the rate of lettuce consumption for each of the three manatees from 10/14/05 and 4/20/06 for the three subject manatees. Lettuce consumption increased dramatically, decreased, and then increased over the observation period. The numbers on the x-axis were determined by counting the number of calendar days in a set of ten observation days. The number of observation days counted for each manatee in the last group of calendar days was seven observation days for Holly and Stubby, and eleven observation days for Willoughby. Summary of Results: The results of this study were found to be inconclusive. There was no significant difference found between the mean consumption of lettuce consumed by each subject between the dates 10/14/05 to 1/31/06 and 2/1/06 and 4/19/06. The F-test run on each subject resulted in equal variances to be assumed. This chapter provided information on the results of the study. The results included testing results and a data analysis for each result determined. Chapter V provides the conclusion drawn from the results of the study, implications of the study, and recommendations for further studies.

Conclusions: All three hypothesis that were tested to determine if there was a significant difference between the mean quantity of lettuce consumed by each individual manatee in the first three months as compared to the mean quantity of lettuce consumed in the following three months were found to be inconclusive. The amount of lettuce consumed by the three female manatees located at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in the second three months was not significantly more than that consumed in the first three months of the study by each individual manatee. The F-test for each individual manatee was run to determine the consistency or inconsistency of eating habits; the results were also found to be inconclusive showing a consistency in eating habits.
Implications: The results of this study were inconclusive. The eating habits of the three female manatees (Willoughby, Holly, and Stubby) did not significantly change between the first three months and the second three months. As a result of equal variances being found for each paired samples, it can be concluded that the eating habits of the three females has remained consistent over time. After their arrival, eating habits were not observed for the first week and a half in the beginning of the study. Because the lettuce consumption of each manatee increased dramatically in the first part of the study it can be noted that when moved to a new location, manatees are able to adjust quickly to a new environment.
	Columbus Zoo & Aquarium School: 2006
© 2006 All rights reserved.	Columbus Zoo & Aquarium School: 2006

Florida Manatee Saltwater/Freshwater Lettuce Consumption Study